Introduction To Bulk Carriers And Cargo Operations Engineering Essay

Introduction To people Carriers And Cargo cognitive operations Engineering EssayIntroduction to great deal CarriersBulk Carriers argon designed primarily for the transportation of solid bulk weightes. Leading bulk loades are coal, iron ore, phosphate, nitrate and grains such as wheat. The rigging of load in bulk reduces packaging costs and freightage and unloading operations can be speeded up.In m whatever reasons bulk freight ratees are plunge in countries away from where they are postulate.Bulk carriers are built to various sizes and classified as Handymax/Panamax/Cape-sized bulkers etc. They also vary in causas analogous accommodate bulkers, self-unloaders, combination carriers etc.Bulk carriers today form a high percentage of world trade. Bulk cargoes carried by them are subject to hazards because of which there are various codes in place for the risklessty of operating Bulk Carriers. They comprise of the BC Code, International Code for the Safe Carriage of Grain in Bulk (International Grain Code). Like the original grain rules, the Code is to pr level(p)t the particular qualities of grain threatening the stability of moves when it is carried in bulk.The revised BC Code deals with types of cargoes which whitethorn liquefy, materials which be possessed of chemical hazards, and materials which f alone into n both of these categories but whitethorn nevertheless cleave separate dangers. The Code highlights dangers associated with authorized types of cargoes giving information on their properties and how to allot them. Various test influences are stated as well to determine properties of the cargo.The Code also lays importance on how cargoes should be properly distributed so as not to overstress the structure and detect an adequate standard of stability. each(prenominal) bulk cargoes when loaded turn over an angle or repose which determines if the cargo is devoted to defect. Unlike high dense cargoes such as iron ore cargoes like grai n have a low angle of repose whereby the code states precautions to see so that the cargo movement does not affect the vessels stability.For cargoes with low angle of repose, the Code states that such cargoes should be trimmed reasonably and the holds should be filled full as far as possible with bechance out resulting in excessive weight on the supporting structure.Thetrimming also military services to cut oxidation by decrease the surface area unresolved to the atmosphere thus preventing spontaneous combustion.The code states dangers related with different types of cargoes, like some cargoes are liable to oxidation where as others may emit toxic fumes without oxidation or when compress. The code gives details of precautions that should be taken for these types of cargoes.The Code also gives details of the various have procedures and tests which should be used before transporting concentrates and similar materials and also recommended test procedures to be used by laborator ies. A list of cargoes, which may liquefy is contained in vermiform appendage A to the Code, maculation appendix B gives an extensive list of materials possessing chemical hazards. Appendix C deals with bulk cargoes which are neither liable to liquefy nor possess chemical hazards. More detailed information concerning test procedures, associated apparatus and standards, which are referred to in the Code are contained in appendix D. indispensability Schedules for those materials listed in appendix B are contained in appendix E. Recommendations for entering cargo spaces, tanks, pump rooms, fuel tanks and similar enclosed compartments are shown in appendix F. Procedures for gas observe of coal cargoes are contained in appendix G.Works CitedIsbester, J (1993), Bulk Carrier PracticeIMO, (2004), BC CodeShip/Shore Safety checklist for loading or unloading dry bulk cargo carriersDate.Port.. Terminal/Quay..Available depth of weewee in berth..Minimum air order of payment.Ships name.Arri val draught (read/calculated).Air draught....Calculated departure draught..Air draught....The master and terminal manager, or their representatives, should terminated the checklist jointly. Advice on points to be considered is condition in the accompeverying guidelines. The safety of operations requires that all questions should be answered affirmatively and the boxes ticked. If this is not possible, the reason should be given, and agreement reached upon precautions should be taken between channelize and terminal. If a question is considered to be not applicable write N/A, explaining why if appropriate.SHIP TERMINALIs the depth of the water at the berth,And the air draught, adequate for theCargo operations to be completed?Are mooring operations adequate forall local effects of tide, current,Weather, traffic and craft alongside?In emergency, is the enthral able to leavethe berth at each time?Is there safe access between theShip and the wharf?Tended by ship/terminal(cross out as a ppropriate)Is the concur ship or terminalcommunications arrangement operative?Communication methodLanguageRadio transmit/phone numbers.SHIP TERMINALAre the liaison contact persons duringoperations positively identified?Ship contact personsShore contact person(s).. office..Are adequate crew on board, andadequate staff in the terminal, foremergency?Have every bunkering operations beenadvised and agreed?Have any(prenominal) intended repairs to wharf orship whilst alongside been advisedand agreed?Has a procedure for reporting andrecording damage from cargooperations been agreed?Has the ship been provided with copiesof port and terminal regulations,including safety and pollutionrequirements and details ofemergency services?Has the shipper provided the masterwith the properties of the cargo inaccordance with the requirements ofchapter VI of SOLAS?13. Is the atmosphere safe in holds andenclosed spaces to which access maybe required, have fumigated cargoesbeen identified, and has the ne edfor monitoring of atmosphere beenagreed by ship and terminal?Have the cargo handling capacityand any limits of travel for eachLoader/unloader been passed tothe ship/terminal?Loader.Loader.Loader.Has a cargo loading or unloading planbeen calculated for all stages of loading/deballasting or unloading/ballasting?Copy lodged withSHIP TERMINALHave the holds to be worked been clearlyidentified in the loading or unloading plan,showing the sequence of work, and thegrade and tonnage of cargo to betransferred each time the hold is worked?Has the need for trimming of cargo inthe holds been discussed, and have themethods and finis been agreed?Do both ship and terminal understand andaccept that if the ballast programmebecomes out of step with the cargooperation, it will be necessary to suspendcargo operation until the ballast operationhas caught up?Have the intended procedure for removingcargo equilibriums lodged in the holds whileunloading, been explained to the shipand accepted?20. Have th e procedures to adjust the final trimof the loading ship been decided andagreed?Tonnage held by the terminalconveyer systemHas the terminal been advised of the timerequired for the ship to prepare for sea, oncompletion of cargo work?THE ABOVE HAS BEEN AGREEDTime DateFor ship. For terminal..Rank.. Position/Title.Works CitedIMO, (1998), BLU Code, pp.22-25GYPSUMA natural hydrated calcium sulphate. Insoluble in water. It is loaded as a ticket powder that aggregates into lumps. Average moisture content is 1% to 2%.CharacteristicsAngle of reposeBulk density(kg/m3)St. Factor (m3)N.A.1282 to 14930.67 to 0.78SizeClassGroupUp to 100mmN.A.CHazardNo special hazard.This cargo is non-combustible or has a low fire-risk.Hold cleanlinessNo special requirement.Weather precautionsThis cargo is to be kept as dry as possible. It shall not be handled during precipitation. All non working holds in which the cargo is loaded or to be loaded to be kept closed. encumbranceTrim in accordance with sections 4 5 of the IMSBC CODE.PrecautionsNo special requirements.VentilationNo special requirements.CarriageNo special requirements.DischargeNo special requirements.Clean upPrior to washing of this cargo, decks and cargo spaces should be shovelled and swept clean because washing of the cargo is difficult.Loaded voyageHatch covers should be secured battened pop out for sea and water tight.Booby hatches holds ventilation flaps to be secured and should be water tight.Works Cited(2009), IMSBC Code, pp. 176Information Provided by ShipperPrior to loading of any cargo the shipper provides the master with information necessary for the safe prep and supervision of loading of the cargo. A declaration is made by the shipper related to the cargo in compliance with the recommendation of the BC Code. Along with the MSDS, information provided consists ofShippers nameReference numbersConsigneeDescription of cargo (type of material/particle size etc.)Stowage conveySpecification of cargo (IMO class, Ems N o. Etc.)Angle of reposeChemical propertiesRelevant special properties of cargoAdditional security systems, if required such as TML and moisture content, unsusceptibility certificate etc.Works CitedIMO, (1998) BLU Code, pp. 32MSDS FOR GYPSUM1. Product IdentificationSynonyms Alabaster, Gypsum stone, Land plaster, Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate, Native calcium sulphate.CAS No. 13397-24-52. Composition/Information on IngredientsIngredient CAS No Percent HazardousGypsum 13397-24-5 90 99% No3. Hazards IdentificationToxic Harmful by inhalation (contains crystalline silica).Mineral Formulae CaSo42H2OEmergency OverviewIt is an off white, odourless powder. It is not combustible or explosive. Short term video to the powder poses no hazard.Potential Health Effects-Inhalation may causes irritation to the respiratory tract and choking depending on the degree of mental picture.IngestionDo not ingest. Small quantities are not known to be noxious but large quantities can cause an obstruction causi ng pain in the digestive tract.Skin ContactMay cause irritation, dry scramble and discomfort. warmheartedness ContactMay cause immediate or delayed irritation or inflammation. With large amounts it can cause eye irritation, redness. Eye exposure requires immediate first aid.Chronic Exposure (inhalation)The product contains crystalline silica which with prolonged or repeated inhalation can cause disabling and mortal lung disease.Silicosis (prolonged inhalation of crystalline silica) increases risk of tuberculosis.Some studies show an increased incidence of chronic kidney disease and end stage renal disease in workers exposed to respirable crystalline silica.Medical Conditions aggravated by exposureIndividuals with lung disease can cause aggregation by exposure.4. First Aid MeasuresInhalationRemove to seraphic air. Seek medical upkeep for discomfort or if coughing.IngestionDo not induce vomiting .If conscious have person drink rush of water. Get medical attention.Skin ContactWash with cool water and mild skin detergent. Seek medical attention for rash, irritation and prolonged exposed exposure to wet gypsum.Eye ContactImmediately flush eyes with water for at least 15 minutes, including lower eyelids. Seek medical attention for abrasions and burns.5. Fire Fighting MeasuresFirePoses no fire related hazard.General HazardAvoid breathing trunk.Fire Extinguishing MediaUse any means suitable for extinguishing surrounding fire.Fire fighting EquipmentA SCBA is recommended to limit exposures to combustion products when fighting any fire.6. Accidental Release Measures.Put spilled material in a container. Avoid actions causing it to become mobile. Avoid inhalation and contact with skin. Wear appropriate PPE at all times. Do not wash gypsum subdue sewage and drainage systems.7. Handling and StorageGeneral Keep bulk gypsum dry until used. Engulfment hazard. To prevent burial or suffocation, do not enter imprisoned space. Gypsum can build up or adhere to walls of conf ined space. It can release or fall unexpectedly. Do not stand on stockpiles of gypsum, they may be unstable.Usage Cutting, crushing, sanding or other crystalline silica bearing materials will release respirable crystalline silica.Housekeeping Avoid actions causing the gypsum to become airborne during clean up. Use all appropriate measures of dust control or suppression.Clothing Promptly adjourn and launder clothing that is dusty or wet with gypsum. Wash skin after exposure to gypsum.8. Exposure Controls/Personal ProtectionEngineering ControlsUse local exhaust or other suppression methods to maintain dust levels.Skin ProtectionWear protective gloves, boot covers and clean body-covering clothing. Remove clothing and protective equipment that becomes saturated with wet gypsum and wash exposed areas.Eye ProtectionWear approved safety goggles when handling dust or wet gypsum to prevent contact with eyes. Wearing contact lenses under dust conditions is not recommended.Respiratory Protect ion Under ordinary conditions no respiratory protection is required. Wear a approved respirator when exposed to dust preceding(prenominal) exposure limits.9. Physical and Chemical PropertiesAppearanceWhite or off-white powder.OdourNoneSolubility in waterNegligibleSpecific temperance2.3 g/cm3pH5-8Boiling Point1000 CFreezing PointNone, solidVapour DensityNA.Vapour PressureNA.Evaporation RateNA.10. stableness and ReactivityStabilityStable. Avoid contact with incompatible materials.Hazardous DecompositionDecomposes to sulphur oxide and calcium oxide above 1450 CHazardous PolymerizationNone.IncompatibilitiesGypsum is incompatible with acids. It contains silicates which may react with powerful oxidizers such as fluorine, chlorine trifluoride and oxygen difluoride.11 and 12. Toxicological and Ecological InformationRefer to contact information provided.13. Disposal Considerations slash of waste and containers in compliance with applicable Federal, state, provincial and local regulations.W orks Citedwww.lafarge-na.com (Accessed 16 November 2010)PREPARATION OF HOLDSOn completion of footrace the mate decides on the procedure for clean of the holds on basis of time, manpower and next cargo to be loaded. Some cargoes require certain precautions in relation to cleaning of the holds. Gypsum on the other had requires no special preparation.Prior to commencement of cleaning it should be ensured that minimum amount of cargo is left behind by the stevedores. In the early stages of discharge of cargo like wheat when there are interruptions crew members can be sent into the hold to clean positions high under the deck leave which will not be accessible during the later stages. This should only be done when there is no cargo working in the hold and it has been find that there is no risk to the crew members.Before commencing work it should be ensured the cargo space is fully ventilated and a Permit to Work obtained.All crew to have proper PPE and safety equipment.The holds are t o be swept prior washing in a manner whereby creating minimum dust clouds. The damage should be checked so that no cargo has gotten in to them and if required get out the cargo before the completion of discharge.The stevedores should be requested to remove the sweepings gathered by the crew. If for reasons it is not possible it should then be stored in drums and kept ready for lifting by the ships cranes.When it is clear and permissible(taking account of the weather) to use the ships cranes the sweepings should be hoisted from the holds and stored on deck until such time when it would be possible to tip it overboard.Washing of holds is carried out by using sea water .Hand held hoses are used for this along with a water cannon. This combination uses compressed air to inject more pressure into the water from the mains. This provides a powerful jet which helps in better cleaning reaches high extremities of the holds. The washing sequence starts at the top of the holds and works down t owards. Simultaneously a separate party of seamen will wash the hatch covers and comings with the help of hand held hoses. During this process the water should not be allowed to accumulate on the tank top. The bilges should be run continuously. A slight list to either side and maintaining a stern trim is the most effective method to aid in washing.Communication should be maintained with the bridge or the cargo control room to aid with the above. Once the higher extremities of the holds are washed the tank top is then hosed down to wash off the cargo residue and any dirt. The sounding pipes should also be flushed during washing as neglect of this over time causes the pipes to become blocked.When the salt water washing is complete traces of salt remain on the surface of the hold. If this is allowed to remain it helps in corrosion and is also not acceptable by most surveyors which is why the holds should be rinsed with refreshful water. This rinsing also aids in accelerating the dryin g process.The drying of holds is usually carried out by natural ventilation, time permitting. If vessel is at sea and the waters are relatively calm the hatches can be opened up to speed up the process. The puddles formed by depressions in the tank top are sponged or mopped up by the crew. The water accumulated between the manhole surface and the lid will also have to be dried.The hold bilges should be drained of the unpumpable water, cleaned along with the strum boxes and then dried as well.Once the holds have dried an inspection should be carried out. Loose rust scales if found should be scrapped and cleared. Look for any cargo residue which may be spotted from the hold ladder high up. Bulk heads, tank tops are clean to touch. Look for any residues beneath manhole cover plates and behind pipes.Outlets for the CO2 system should be checked to ensure they are not blocked.If time permits DB tanks can be pressed up to check for any leakages in the holds. Holds to be also checked for d amages in case they were missed out during discharge and if found recorded. to a fault if any maintenance as per the PMS or repair work needs to be carried out should be attended to, time permitting and recorded.A field glass test or a hose test can be carried out to check the water tight integrity of the hatch covers and any repairs if required and then logged.The final preparation would consist of resealing the manhole covers with duct tape. The bilge plate should be bur lapped and replaced to prevent the cargo from falling into the bilge. This system also allows the water to drain in the bilge.In the hold used for heavy weather ballast the gaskets along with the bolting of the watertight cover plate over the ballast suction should be checked.Works CitedSouth Tyneside College Notes.Isbester, J (1993), Bulk Carrier PracticeHAZARDS ASSOCIATING WHEAT GYPSUM PRECAUTIONSWheatIs capable of self combustion due the gases given off. spread out is a major factor as it can affect person nel on deck with regard to respiration and cause irritation if it goes into the eyes.On exposure to wheat dust, personnel may also suffer from wheat rash.It can also affect the ships ventilation system if proper filters are not in place.The free flowing characteristics can reduce stability of a vessel caused by free surface effect (in partially filled holds) similar to liquids in partially filled tanks. Due to movement of the vessel the wheat is likely to shift to a side causing a list or even a possibility of capsizing the vessel.In cases where wheat requires fumigation in the form of pellets, gases or sprays all personnel to be made aware of the poisonous characteristics they pose and precautions to be taken.PrecautionsAll personnel on deck during cargo operations to be donned with proper PPE at all times, including disposable dust masks and safety goggles. despatch to be carried out as low as possible in holds to minimise dust.Wheat cargo has to be kept dry at all times and any f orm of water ingress has to be avoided to prevent damage to the cargo.As far as possible wheat should be avoided world loaded by partially filling holds.Where a vessel has partially filled holds she should be trimmed level in order to prevent shift of cargo.The surface of the partially filled holds should be secured by approved methods as mentioned in the IMO-grain rules. These methods used are strapping, lashing, saucering, over stowing and securing with wire mesh.In case fumigation is to be carried out on board the master is to be provided about details and precautions to be taken. The spaces to be fumigated have to have warning signs displayed. It is to be carried out by competent shore personnel.In cases where ships staffs presence is required during this operation, it has to be ensured that adequate respiratory protection is worn.Ventilation is required to a great extent to prevent condensation and removal of heat.The total weight of wheat should not exceed one-third of the sh ips deadweight.GM of 0.30 meters to be maintained or as given by formulae in the BC Code, whichever is greater.During discharge precautions to be taken by stevedores when using hydraulic equipment and grabs so that oil from such equipment does not damage the cargo.GypsumThis type of cargo is generally not classified as a hazardous cargo.Airborne dust may cause irritation or inflammation to eyes.It could be harmful by inhalation depending on the level and duration of exposure as it contains crystalline silica.It could also cause skin discomfort to a certain level.It poses an engulfment hazard are personnel are advised not to stand on stock piles.It can also adhere to walls and can collapse and fall unexpectedly.PrecautionsAll personnel on deck during cargo operations to be donned with proper PPE at all times, including disposable dust masks and approved safety goggles.Actions to be avoided which can cause gypsum to become airborne.Bulk gypsum is to be kept dry until used as it tends to cake when in contact with water.It is recommended not to wash gypsum down sewage and drainage systems.Works Citedwww.lafarge-na.com (Accessed 16 November 2010)South Tyneside college notesMCA, MGN 284 (M+F)Swadi, D (2nd Edtn.), Cargo NotesIMO, International Grain CodeLIFTING PLANTIn order to have any equipment or machinery working effectively on board vessels a Planned Maintenance System should be in place and in effect. From an inspection of this maintenance record it is easy to keep track of details like when was the maintenance done last, what was done, when is it due next, what materials are required, how many man hours etc.The reason for this planning is so that we have the necessary tools, spares and consumables on board in advance prior to undertaking maintenance. The basic requirements of lifting plants are-To keep the equipment in safe and intelligent working orderTo maintain supporting documentation for the above.The main aspects of lifting plant maintenance areRoutine Inspection and MaintenanceIn addition to statutory inspections routine inspections are to be carried out by a competent person to asses if the plant is safe for continued use looking for problems like cranny at welds.Damaged/Missing grease nipples.Hydraulic oil leakage from motors.Worn or damaged wires.Corrosion.Missing markings.Lack of greasing and oiling.Defects to structure and fittings.Swivels that may not be rotating freely.Loose connection and gap between rails.All maintenance is carried out as per manufacturers instructions which also specify the time period (e.g. Weekly, monthly, p.a. and before and after use).Prior to operation all control units, alarms, limit switches and joysticks should be operated and checked. If the plant is in regular use checks required by the external surveys should be done more by ships competent staff more often than once a year, even thou regulations require only an annual survey.Operation by deft PersonnelAll vessels lifting plant should be op erated by trained and certified personnel to avoid damages and improper use of the equipment. Trained personnel should also be appointed to direct the plant operator using approved hand signals as contained in COSWP.Testing Of Lifting PlantAs per the manufacturers instructions the testing and certification of the lifting plant should be carried out at maximum intervals of 5 years. This testing is initially carried out after manufacture and founding of the plant at the ship yard under supervision of a competent person from the ship yard. The test is carried out using an approved trial impression load exceeding the SWL as specified under the merchant shipping regulations.This test is also required to be carried out ifAny repairs or modifications have been done which is likely to affect the SWL or the strength or stability of the equipment.Prior using any crane which has been idle for more than 6 monthsIf it has been bear on in an accident or mishap.Rigging PlanThe rigging plans shou ld be available at times along with sufficient technical details likeSWL of all fittingsA means of identificationBoom limiting anglesInstructions for replacing wires and sheavesDismantling proceduresErection proceduresCertification and reportsThe master is to ensure that a certificate is on board within 28 days of a statutory test or examination for at least 2 years by-line receipt of next certificate. They are to be kept readily available on board for any dock worker using the ships plant.A point of lifting appliances along with items of loose gear are also kept on board.Works CitedSwadi, D (2009), Cargo NotesDickie Short, Crane Hand book